Liquid Permeability of Porous Media

1. 0Summary This experiment is conducted to determine the liquid permeability of porous media. The apparatus used in the experiment is the liquid permeameter. The liquid used in this experiment is water. Three membrane samples of different thickness (0. 1, 0. 2, 0. 3 cm) are used as the porous media. The determination of the permeability is carried out using elevated pressure test. Each sample is tested for 5 times at different values of pressure gradient which are 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 psi.In order to obtain more accurate data, ensure that the membrane samples to be test is fixed tightly and covers the o-ring of the sample chamber completely. Values of volumetric flow rates are obtained from the apparatus itself. For pressure gradient of 5 psi and 30 psi, the average permeability for PP1 membrane sample are 0. 23993 cm2 @ 2. 33993? 10-5 m2 and 0. 096196 cm2 @ 9. 6196? 10-6 m2 respectively. For PP3 membrane sample, the average permeability are 0. 52692 cm2 and 0. 19841 cm2 for pressur e gradient of 5 psi and 30 psi.For PP5 membrane sample, the average permeability are 1. 0541 cm2 and 0. 29489 cm2 for pressure gradient of 5 psi and 30 psi. The values of permeability obtained are then compared by plotting graphs of volumetric flow rate over cross sectional (q/A) against pressure gradient over thickness (? P/L). The gradient of the straight line from the graph is  µ/k. For PP1 sample membrane, the permeability obtained from the graph is k= 0. 000148 m2 for ? P=5psi and k= 0. 000062 m2 for ? P= 30 psi.Permeability obtained from the graph is compared with ones obtained from the liquid permeameter apparatus. Reynolds number for the tests at ? P=5psi is 5. 3913? 10-5 and for ? P= 30 psi is 1. 1147? 10-4. Laminar flow conditions exist so that Darcy’s equation is applicable. 2. 0 Introduction When fluid flows through a medium, the flow is affected by the property of the medium that allows the flow of the fluid through it. The property of the medium is called perm eability. Permeability which is symbolized as k is the measure of the ability of a medium to transfer fluids.Permeability affects flow processes of fluids. An effective flow process can occur if the permeability of the medium where the fluids pass through is high. Concept of permeability is important in the oil and gas industry in which the permeability characteristic of rocks are determined in order to extract oil and gas from the subsurface reservoir. For example, sandstones are permeable and can transmit fluid effectively. This types of stones possessed large and many connected pores. They may content high quantity of oil.Shales and siltstones composed of fine grains and have less connected pores causing them to be less permeable or impermeable. Permeability of a medium can be easily determined from equipment with high technology. It is important to know the factors or component which may affect permeability in order to prove or increase the permeability. This might benefits the industry which involves extraction processes. Experimental results are important because to increase the efficiency of processes involving permeability it is dependent on the data or results. 3. 0 Aims/ObjectivesThe experiment is conducted to objective of this experiment is to determine the permeability of the porous media, to create conditions so that Darcy’s equation can be used and to compare the average permeability for different pressure gradient and types of tested samples as well as to relate permeability with various components of Darcy’s equation. 4. 0 Theory Permeability is property of the porous medium and is a measure of the ability of the medium to allow fluids to pass through it. Permeability concept is widely used to determine the flow characteristics of hydrocarbons  in  oil  and  gas  reservoirs.Medium or rocks that possess high permeability can allow fluids to pass through it in large quantity over time. This is indicated form high volumetri c flow rate. To quantify permeability, assume that there is a medium with cross-sectional area (A) and thickness (L). A fluid of dynamic viscosity ( µ) is allowed to flow through the medium. The change in pressure that occurs during the flow is ? P and the volumetric flow rate (q) is the amount of fluid that can flow through the medium over a period of time with respect to the ? P. Permeability (k) is related to all the components by the Darcy’s equation. Darcy’s equation: q=kA?P µL †¦.. (1) The SI unit for permeability, k is m2. Permeability is also measured in Darcy, D. 1 D is approximately 10-12m2. Factors affecting permeability are membrane solubility, pressure, concentration and temperature of the molecules or solutes. Permeability is also affected by size of the molecules of the fluids that passing through the medium. Darcy’s equation is valid for any Newtonian fluids and is only applicable for laminar flow. The laminar flow is always achieved by groundwater but not always achieved by gas flows. Laminar flow can be determined by computing the Reynolds number of the flow. Re= ? vD µ 5. 0 Apparatus i.Liquid permeameter apparatus ii. Liquid hose iii. Yellow chip pullers iv. Membranes of different thickness, 0. 1, 0. 2 and 0. 3 cm v. Water 6. 0 Procedures i. 3 membrane samples of different thickness (0. 1, 0. 2, 0. 3cm) are prepared. The samples are cut bigger than the o-ring so that they will cover the ring completely and to ensure perfect sealing. ii. The liquid hose attached to the sample chamber lid is disconnected. The lid is unscrewed and removed. The chamber insert and adapter plates are taken out. The o-rings is checked for dryness. iii. Under Group on the main CapWin menu, a new group is created by clicking on New Group. iv.Under Execute on the main CapWin menu, Autotest F2 is selected. Autotest settings screen is opened. Test Type is clicked and Liquid Permeametry is selected from the Test Selection box. Then, Elevat ed Pressure Test option is selected. v. At the Autotest screen, several information are keyed in. The fields are as below. Output File Name-user designated End User-user designated Test Reference-Liquid Permeametry; Elevated Pressure Test Sample ID-user designated Lot Number-user designated Operator-user designated Fluid-Water Surface Tension Diameter-3cm for all 3 samples Thickness-0. 1, 0. 2, 0. 3 cm vi. Done on the Autotest screen is clicked. ii. The screened adapter plate is placed in the bottom of the sample chamber. The plate is aligned on three chamber pins. The sample is placed on the top of the screened plate. The o-ring of the screened plate is checked so that it seals against the sample. Top adapter plate is place on the sample chamber. viii. The chamber insert is placed into the chamber. The insert should not be lower than the sample chamber height. ix. Start Test button is clicked. Starting pressure, maximum pressure, point step pressure, maximum wait between points and maximum number of points are keyed in. Continue button is clicked after each value has been entered. . Sample chamber is filled with water. The lid is screwed and hand-tightened. Liquid fill hose with quick connect fitting is attached to the sample chamber lid. xi. Click Ok on the Autotest screen and the test is started. xii. When the test has ended, a Test Done dialogue box appeared and clicked Ok. xiii. Test results may be viewed and analyzed using CapRep. Select Report from the main CapWin menu and clicked on Execute Report to access the data from the test. xiv. Steps (iii) to (xiii) are repeated for different pressure gradient (10, 15, 20, and 30) and two other samples with thickness 0. 2 cm and 0. 3 cm. 7. 0 ResultFor PP1 sample with diameter, d= 3cm and thickness, L= 0. 1cm. Differential Pressure (psi)| Average Permeability| 5| 0. 23993| 10| 0. 17461| 15| 0. 13315| 20| 0. 11792| 30| 0. 096196| For PP3 sample with diameter, d= 3cm and thickness, L= 0. 2cm. Differential Pressur e (psi)| Average Permeability| 5| 0. 52692| 10| 0. 36709| 15| 0. 33807| 20| 0. 26133| 30| 0. 19841| For PP5 sample with diameter, d= 3cm and thickness, L= 0. 3 cm. Differential Pressure (psi)| Average Permeability| 5| 1. 0541| 10| 0. 70806| 15| 0. 50627| 20| 0. 37001| 30| 0. 29489| 8. 0 Calculations i) PP1 sample with diameter, d= 3cm and thickness, L=0. cm at ? P= 5psi. From the plotted graph, q/A against ? P/L, a straight line obtained gives a gradient of 0. 148. From the gradient of graph, we can compute the permeability, k. Gradient = y2-y1x2-x1 = 4-127-6. 9 = 0. 148 Gradient = k µ 0. 148 = k0. 001 Pa. s , k = 0. 000148 m2 @ 1. 48? 10-4 m2 The permeability, k obtained from the CapWin software is 0. 23993 cm2 @ 2. 33993? 10-5 m2. ii) PP1 sample with diameter, d= 3cm and thickness, L=0. 1cm at ? P= 30psi. From the plotted graph, q/A against ? P/L, a straight line obtained gives a gradient of 0. 148. From the gradient of graph, we can compute the permeability, k.Gradient = y2-y1x 2-x1 = 12-6195-98 Gradient = k µ 0. 062 = k0. 001 Pa. s , k = 0. 000062 m2 @ 6. 2? 10-5 m2 The permeability, k obtained from the CapWin software is 0. 096196 cm2 @ 9. 6196? 10-6 m2. iii) Calculations of Reynolds number At ? P= 5 psi, q= 2. 5424? 10-6 m3/s, V= 1. 7971? 10-9m/s, ? =1000kg/m3 Re= ? VD µ=10001. 7971? 10-9(0. 03)0. 001= 5. 3913? 10-5 (laminar flow) At ? P= 30 psi, q= 5. 2564? 10-6 m3/s, V= 3. 7155? 10-9m/s, ? =1000kg/m3 Re= ? VD µ=10003. 7155? 10-9(0. 03)0. 001= 1. 1147? 10-4 (laminar flow) 9. 0 Discussion Permeability of PP1 sample membrane at ? P = 5 psi and ?P = 30 psi are k = 0. 23993 cm2 @ 2. 33993? 10-5 m2 and k = 0. 096196 cm2 @ 9. 6196? 10-6 m2 respectively. By plotting graphs of q/A against ? P/L, the compute permeability is 1. 48? 10-4 m2 at ? P = 5 psi and 6. 2? 10-5 m2 at ? P = 30 psi. The values are different as being compared. This might due to the different techniques involved in computing the values of permeability. The values from the liquid permea meter are more accurate as the values are computed as the test runs. Compared to the ones computed by plotting the graph, there might be some minor errors that make the values to be different from each other.Apart from that, the apparatus might not function effectively or might be having some problems. Besides that, the sample membranes used are the old ones. As they are often used for testing, this might change or alter their permeability values as they oftenly pass through by fluids. For the tests, laminar flows did occur. Laminar flow occurs at the region in which the points from the graph intersect the straight line plotted. For both ? P = 5 psi and ? P = 30 psi, laminar flow did occur. For ? P = 5 psi, the Reynolds number is 5. 3913? 10-5 which is representative for laminar flow. For ?P = 30 psi, the Reynolds number is 1. 1147? 10-4 which is also representative for laminar flow. For graph at ? P = 5 psi, there is only one point that intersects the straight line (best line of fi t) plotted. This is because the pressure gradient is low so there is not much data for permeability is acquired as the test runs. It is different for graph at ? P = 30 psi, there are several points that are intersect or join by the straight line plotted. As the pressure is elevated to 30 psi, there are many data obtained for permeability at different pressures as the pressure increasing to 30 psi.As laminar flow is proven to occur in the test, so Darcy’s equation can be used. From the Darcy’s equation, we can relate that permeability of a medium is directly proportional to volumetric flow rate, dynamic viscosity of fluid and thickness of medium and is inversely proportional to pressure gradient. For membrane sample PP1 with thickness of 0. 1 cm, we can see that the average permeability of the membrane is decreasing with increasing pressure gradient. This case occurs for other two membrane samples, PP3; thickness of 0. 2 cm and PP5; thickness of 0. 3 cm.Permeability dec rease as pressure gradient increase because the fluid, in this case water have to overcome certain pressure as they flow through the membrane samples. The pressure gradient acts as resistance to the flow. The higher the resistance, little or less fluid can flow through the medium over a given time. It is also shown that for the same pressure gradient by using membranes with different thickness, the average permeability is higher for sample which is thicker. The different between the three membrane samples is only the thickness. They are of same cross-sectional area.As fluid flow they overcoming the same pressure gradient, same cross-sectional area, the amount of fluid that can be passed through is much dependent on the thickness. When the fluid passes through membranes with large thickness, they are experiencing much effect through the membranes causing the permeability to be higher than the ones obtained with small thickness. 10. 0 Conclusions The objectives of this experiment are achieved. The permeability of three membrane samples are obtained from the liquid permeameter-elevated pressure tests. The permeability of the PP1 sample at ? P = 5 psi and ? P = 30 psi are k = 0. 3993 cm2 @ 2. 33993? 10-5 m2 and k = 0. 096196 cm2 @ 9. 6196? 10-6 m2 respectively. Laminar flow conditions are also created where Darcy’s equation can be used. From the data obtained from the tests, we are able to deduce relationship between permeability and other components of Darcy’s equation. Although the compared values are differing from the each other, we can say that the experiment is still a success as we are able to achieve the main objectives. 11. 0 Recommendations In order to get more accurate results, ensure that the apparatus used (liquid permeameter) is in good condition and is maintained regularly.Besides that, using new or fresh membrane samples can improve the results. Not necessarily that for every test to use new ones but replacing old ones with new ones a s when they are in bad condition would help. The average permeability value would be more accurate and the values obtained from the graph would be of not much difference. 12. 0 References i) Brown, G. (n. d. ). Darcy's Law. Retrieved October 03, 2012, from Darcy's Law Basics and More: http://biosystems. okstate. edu/darcy/LaLoi/basics. htm ii) Darcy's Law. (n. d. ). Retrieved October 03, 2012, from Darcy's Law: http://www. ldeo. columbia. du/~martins/hydro/lectures/darcy. html iii) Laminar Flow. (n. d. ). Retrieved October 03, 2012, from Hyper Physics: http://hyperphysics. phy-astr. gsu. edu/hbase/pfric. html iv) Laminar, Transitional or Turbulent Flow. (n. d. ). Retrieved October 03, 2012, from The Engineering ToolBox: http://www. engineeringtoolbox. com/laminar-transitional-turbulent-flow-d_577. html v) Oilfield Glossary. (2012). Retrieved October 03, 2012, from Schlumberger: http://www. glossary. oilfield. slb. com/Display. cfm? Term=permeability vi) Permeability. (n. d. ). Retri eved October 03, 2012, from NDT Resource Center: http://www. ndt-ed. rg/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/MagParticle/Physics/Permeability. htm 13. 0 Appendices Graph1: q/A against ? P/L at ? P=5psi Graph 2: q/A against ? P/L at ? P= 30 psi Figure 1: Liquid permeameter Figure 2: Sample chamber Figure 3: Pressure cylinder Figure 4: Fluid bin Figure 5: The discharge port of water Figure 6: Yellow chip pullers For ? P = 5psi, ?P/L| q/A| 0| 0| 15. 919| 3. 1536| 19. 185| 3. 4128| 22. 623| 3. 6631| 26. 519| 3. 9394| 29. 866| 4. 1191| 32. 784| 4. 1995| For ? P = 30 psi, ?P/L| q/A| ? P/L| q/A| ? P/L| q/A| 0| 0| 74. 1191| 6. 529| 142. 874| 8. 724| 5. 4528| 2. 274| 77. 339| 6. 8886| 146. 066| 8. 948| 12. 8498| 2. 9474| 81. 186| 6. 7182| 150. 051| 9. 209| 15. 9759| 3. 1624| 84. 434| 7. 2454| 153. 216| 9. 497| 19. 0896| 3. 4502| 88. 364| 7. 1371| 156. 263| 9. 495| 22. 5177| 3. 7128| 91. 687| 7. 0481| 159. 821| 9. 957| 26. 6236| 4. 057| 94. 541| 6. 9633| 163. 875| 9. 468| 29. 9179| 4. 1482| 97 . 858| 7. 126| 167. 619| 9. 357| 32. 471| 4. 2458| 98. 775| 8. 4774| 170. 453| 9. 444| 35. 9619| 4. 449| 100. 678| 7. 2947| 173. 287| 9. 683| 39. 2052| 4. 7036| 104. 677| 7. 94| 176. 741| 9. 692| 44. 044| 5. 186| 107. 986| 7. 9996| 180. 85| 10| 47. 068| 5. 1119| 116. 322| 8. 1839| 184. 373| 10. 5| 49. 7694| 5. 697| 118. 307| 8. 042| 187. 213| 10| 53. 2892| 5. 3991| 122. 31| 8. 399| 190. 655| 11. 1| 56. 6594| 5. 51| 125. 161| 8. 437| 193. 936| 10. 19| 59. 9503| 5. 8797| 128. 615| 8. 379| 198. 032| 10. 3| 63. 3005| 6. 0421| 132. 325| 8. 492| 201. 679| 10| 66. 792| 6. 2865| 135. 517| 8. 692| 205. 078| 10| 69. 7064| 6. 1141| 138. 523| 8. 76| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

Emma Goldman Essay

In January 1886 a 16YOA Jewish girl- Emma Goldman arrived to in New York City from St. Petersburg, Russia, where her parents ran a grocery store. As soon as immigration officials had examined her and approved her entry into the US, she hurried to Rochester, New York, where her half-sister lived. Emma was extremely independent-minded. Her father had tried to force her to marry when she was 15, saying when she protested that â€Å"all Jewish daughter needs to know is how to prepare gefulte fish, cut noodles fine, and give man plenty of children† Defying her father, Emma had flatly refused to marry. â€Å"I wanted to study, to know life, travel,† she explained years later. She had also found the harsh government of Russia Czar unbearable. Like most immigrants she expected the United States â€Å"the land of opportunity,† to be a kind of paradise on earth. Moving in with her stepsister’s family, Emma got a job in a factory sewing coats and earning $2.50 a week. She paid her sister $1.50 for room and board and spent 60 cents a week on carfare to get to and from her job, leaving her only with 40 cents for all her other needs. But when she asked her employer for more money he simply told her to â€Å"look for work elsewhere.† This she did, finding a job at another factory that paid $4.00 a week. In 1887 she married Jacob Kirshnern, another Russian Immigrant, but they did not get along and soon divorced. She moved to new Haven, Connecticut, where she worked in a corset factory. In 1889 she moved to NYC. There she took up with a group of radicals most of them either socialists or anarchists. She herself was by this time an ardent anarchist, convinced by her experiences with all with the darker aspects of American Capitalism that all governments repressed individual freedom and should simply be abolished. In New York, Emma fell in love with another Russia-Born radical, Alexander Berkman. They started a kind of commune with another couple, sharing everything equally. Emma worked at home sewing shirts. Alexander found a job making cigars. They never married. Next, the couple moved back to New Haven, where Emma started a cooperative dressmaking shop. Then they moved to Springfield, Massachusetts, where, with Berkman’s Cousin an artist, they opened a photography studio. When this business failed, they borrowed $150. And opened an ice-cream parlor. Nearly all immigrants of that period retained their faith in the promise of America life even after they discovered that the streets were not paved with gold and that the people and the government were not as perfect as they had expected. But Emma was so disappointed that she became even more radical. The harsh punishment meted out the anarchists who were accused of Haymarket bombing of 1886 shocked her deeply. In 1892, when she and Berkman learned of the bloody battle of Pinkertons and striker during the Homestead steel strikes, they closed the ice-cream parlor and went back to New York. They formed a plan to assassinate Henry Clay Frick, the arch villain of the Homestead Drama. First they tried to manufacture a bomb, but that proved to be beyond their powers. Berkman then went to Pittsburg, where, posing as a representative of an agency that provided strikebreakers, he got into Frick’s office. Pulling a pistol, Berkman aimed for Frick in the shoulder. Berkman then stabbed Frick, but still homestead boss survived. Convicted of the attempt on Frick’s life, Berkman was imprisoned for fourteen years. The next year Goldman was herself arrested and sentenced to a year in jail for making an â€Å"incendiary† speech urging unemployed workers to distrust politicians and demand government relief. Upon her release, she was taken up by leading native-born radicals. She got to know Lillian Wald and other New York settlement workers, but while she respected their motives, she disparaged their methods. It did little good to teach good table manners to people who had no food, she believed. Leaving the US, Goldman went to Vienna, where she was trained as a nurse. When she was returned to America, she worked as a mid-wife among the New York poor, an experienced that made her an outspoken advocate of birth control. She also helped organize a theatrical group, managed a touring group of Russian Actors, and lectured on theatrical topics. In 1901, Goldman was arrested on charges of inspiring Leon Czolgosz to assassinate President McKinley, Czolgosz had attended one of Goldman’s lectures, but there was no direct connection between the two, and the charges against her were dropped. In 1906, Goldman founded Mother Earth, an anarchist Journal. When Alexander Berkman was released from prison later that year, she made him it editor. Mother Earth denounced governments, organized religion, and private property. Goldman believed in primitive form of communism in which all would share equally and no one would have power over anyone else. By this time Goldman had become a celebrity. â€Å"Her name in those days was enough to produce a shudder,† recalled Margaret Anderson, editor of a literary magazine. â€Å"She was considered a monster, an exponent of free love and bombs.† During the next decade Goldman campaigned for freedom of speech all over the US and in Canada and lectured in support of Birth Control. She even developed a plan so that subscribers to Mother Earth could also get the American Journal of Eugenics, a Magazine that advocated contraception. In 1915, after Margaret Sanger was arrested for seminating information on birth control, Goldman did the same in public speeches. She was arrested and spent two weeks in jail. Goldman regarded the Great War- and Especially American entry in it- as a calamity beyond measure. When congress passed a conscription act, she Berkman, and a few other radicals organized the No-Conscription League, not so much to persuade men to resist the draft as to provide and and comfort to anyone who did so. In 1917, Goldman and Berkman were convicted of conspiring to persuade men not to register for the draft. They served two years in federal prison. In 1919, they were deported to Russia. Two years later, disillusioned with the Bolsheviks, she left the Soviet Union. â€Å"Red Emma† Goldman was not a typical American, but she was in many ways a typical immigrant. She held on to the culture of the old country; most of her close friends in the United States were Russians. But at the same time she learned English and quickly became familiar with American ways. She worked hard and developed valuable skills. Gradually moved up the economic ladder: from sweatshop laborer, to factory worker, to running a shop, to nursing, to lecturing, and editing magazine. And while she was critical of the government and economic system of the United States, she was a typical immigrant also in insisting that she was an American patriot. â€Å"The kind of Patriotism which loves American with open eyes.†

Philip Anderson - 885 Words

In this case, we have really two different points of view: in one side, there is Philip Anderson, the Phoenix branch manager of Stuart Co., who manages a team with his ways, his idea, his experience but the results do not reach the targets fixed by the firm. In the other side, there is the direction of Stuart Co., which has opposite ideas to Philip Anderson. I will try to analyze the challenges Philip Anderson faces from the point of view of costs of control and considering ethical concerns. Reading this text, we could easily feel that Philip Anderson’s work way is totally opposite to the firm way. The sentence â€Å"how far he [Philip Anderson] could bend without breaking† shows the challenge of the alone man is important for him.†¦show more content†¦This last characteristic is one of the reason for which he is in a delicate situation with the branch. In fact, Philip Anderson and his team do not reach the targets in term of budget but develop a lot of relationships based on â€Å"ethical dilemmas†. When he sells the products or the services, he tries to satisfy both the highest profit for Stuart Co. and the highest returns to the client. There is a famous proverb which says â€Å"the costumer is king† that implies, the firm must be attentive to the customer’s expectations. Philip tries to find a compromise between both but the firm prefers establish long-term relationship just in the company’s interest even if it acts unethically. Moreover, this kind of conflict between Philip Anderson and Stuart Co. is a proof that it is difficult to establish a cost control respecting ethical concerns. Indeed, to realize a cost control management, a firm has to fixed budget targets but these objectives have to be possible and controllable. 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Native Americans And Native American Tribes - 1607 Words

The first Native Americans settled across North and South America between 500/1500 B.C.E, creating advanced and rich cultural, social, and political civilizations. Approximately 6-7 million Native Americans inhabited North America alone. In what would become the American Southwest, Native American tribes, the Hopi and Zuni, conducted a settled life for over 3,000 years. Hundreds of tribes were formed and the Native Americans lived in small villages. When the Spanish first arrived in the Americas in the fifteenth century, they forever changed the lives of the Native Americans. As time went on, more Europeans from different countries came to the Americas for different reasons, but all encountered the Native Americans. Europeans believed that†¦show more content†¦In document 1.6, a Franciscan friar published notes about a meeting with the Aztec leaders, discussing their resentment and differences. The Indians resisted the requerimiento, which is the obedience to the Catholic Ch urch. To the Aztecs, their religion was an important part of their lives and most Aztecs did not want to renounce their religion in favor of Catholicism. The Aztecs defended the legitimacy of their customs stating, â€Å"You say our gods are not true gods. The new words that you utter are what confuse us; due to them we feel foreboding.† The Aztecs praised their gods and thanked them for the things they were provided with: food, produce, rain, tobacco, gold, and other things. The Aztecs explain how these Gods have always been apart of their culture, and these gods are the reasons why they are doing so well, so there is no need to believe in Catholicism. â€Å"Will we be the ones to destroy the ancient traditions of the Chichimeca, the Tolteca, the Colhuaca? [No!] It is our opinion that there is life, that people are born, people are nurtured, people grow up [only] by the gods’ being called upon, prayed to.† The Aztecs believed that if they conformed to another r eligion, the local commoners would riot against it, people would forget the religion they were raised up to believe in, and the Gods would be upset with the Aztecs as well. The English founded Jamestown in 1607 (46) which rapidly expanded into an English settlement, creating tensions with the Natives. TheShow MoreRelatedNative Americans And The Native American Tribe973 Words   |  4 PagesDifferent Cultures The Europeans and the Native Americans arguably do not co-exist because different groups did not allow them to be their own tribes. The Europeans treated the Indians with as little respect as possible. The Indians were used to work including the women and children. The Christians changed how they were viewed by the Indians because they suffered from beatings and other tragedies among their tribes. The Native American tribes wanted peace within their groups although they were fightingRead MoreNative Americans : Native American Tribes2345 Words   |  10 PagesNative Americans branch out among over 500 different tribes with about 5 million identified racially mixed and unmixed native americans, or about 1.7% of the U.S. population. Each tribe differs from each other in their own way especially in beliefs and language and also through location. The Native American tribes, excluding modern day Mexico, are commonly split up into ten different areas: the Arctic, the Subarctic, the Nort heast, the Southeast, the Plains, the Southwest, the Great Basin, CaliforniaRead MoreThe On Native American Tribes906 Words   |  4 PagesThe first attempt at dealing with Native American tribes can be seen through the acts of George Washington as he attempted to eradicate all indigenous people bypassing any attempt at a peaceful interaction. Washington insisted on developing a professional army which developed into a group of â€Å"vicious killers† (Dunbar-Oritz, 82). He was so set on Native removal that the Second Amendment was developed for the purpose of arming colonizers to murder Native people. From this moment on the United StatesRead MoreNative American Cherokee Tribe : Native Americans916 Words   |  4 PagesNative American Cherokee Tribe Native Americans have been around for centuries. 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They are thought to have formedRead MoreThe Lakota Tribe Of Native Americans1358 Words   |  6 Pagesmentality of Native Americans. Directors and artists have attempted to show snippets of daily life through their works, drawing from actual artifacts or histories of actual Native American tribes still present in the modern day United States. One of these tribes are th e Lakota, whose homeland was originally located in the Wisconsin, Michigan and Dakota region of today’s North America. From their day to day activities to their extensive culture the history of the Lakota tribe of Native Americans are a veryRead MoreThe Native American Tribes Of Today Essay1392 Words   |  6 Pages The Native American tribes of today, are nothing compared to their ancestors. The treatment, hostility, and silver tongues of the past damage can never be fixed no matter how many words, medals, promises, and gifts you give them. The late Native American culture and its tribes have been unfairly mistreated and misrepresented with lies from propaganda, breach of treaties, and harsh antagonization from American business owners and regular people alike. These actions have put a horrendous reputationRead MoreNative American Tribe As The Kickapoo1726 Words   |  7 PagesLocation The Native American tribe known as the Kickapoo would have been more important to Illinois’ history if they would have stayed longer. The Kickapoo had originally lived in Illinois. They were later moved away from the states that they lived in which were Illinois and Indiana. They moved to Missouri after leaving their homelands (â€Å"Indians†). Some of the other Kickapoo chose to move southward, and the reason they moved is because they wanted to get away from the americans and explorersRead MoreThe Native American Tribes Culture1440 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract The Native American tribes’ culture has been affected as a result of the change in a climate whereby most of the refined foods are not consumed by the modern and the manufactured foods. The Native Americans of the American Indian, Alaska and the Bannock tribes face unique challenges whereby their native foods are no more due to the destruction of their cultural practices, and people have turned into taking the modern food (Marry, 2016). The climate change has led to the loss ofRead MoreThe Cherokee Native American Tribe1613 Words   |  7 PagesMay Bombria Miss Pearce American Literature Period 8 2 April 2017 The Cherokee Native American Tribe The Cherokee are considered one of the most advanced Native American tribes culturally and socially. 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The Female Characters Of Shakespeare s Hamlet - 970 Words

Women have played small roles in society in the past. In social, economical, and political standings. Therefore in Shakespeare’s Hamlet the women in the play, their roles are not portrayed as important. The female characters in the play such as Gertrude, Hamlet’s mother and Ophelia Hamlet’s lover are complicated, and very much opposite of one another. Although these are two different characters Shakespeare portrays them in a negative matter in their small roles. Their acceptance in the world, and their grief is not allowed by the men in their life, or of the world. The women have no chance for redemption in the play, follow the demands, and decisions the men make for them. Gertrude in the play is Hamlet’s mother. Her character is in the middle of the conflict of all the family drama. Throughout the play she continues to keep the conflict between Hamlet and Claudius as if she is innocent to not really knowing of the issues going on.(University of Californi a Santa Cruz 1).Of course the marriage arrangement upsets Hamlet, because it had happened so soon after the death of his father. Gertrude being a woman she might have married Claudius for a sense of security from a man, or guidance with owning the kingdom. However she also shows independence (Rogers 1) according to Rogers Gertrude rebels against her religion, and the authority of her newlywed husband Claudius. In the scene he tells Gertrude to not drink from the cup, and she proceeds to do so. As for her religion theShow MoreRelatedThe Profound Impact Of Female Characters Of Shakespeare s Hamlet930 Words   |  4 PagesProfound Impact of Female Characters in Hamlet How much of an impact can the women in a man’s life have on his thoughts and actions? 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Comparison Report of GDP for China and Australian Economic Growth

Question: Discuss about theChina and Australian Economic Growth for Comparison of GDP. Answer: Introduction GDP is a standard measure used in comparing the performance between economies. A country is said to be performing better than the other if its GDP level is higher than that of the other. The paper will compare Australian and China GDP and identify the best performing economy. Both Australian and China are major economies (Luke.Metcalfe, 2014). China is a planned economy whereas Australia is a mixed economy. The Australian GDP has been falling currently whereas that of China has been improving. This paper will show the comparison of their performance and will highlight some of the most important factor in the fall and the improvement respectively. In terms of nominal GDP, the economy of China is larger than Australia. Fig (a): Australian GDP for the Past Five years Fig (b): China GDP for the Past Five years Fig (c): Australian and China GDP for the Past Five years Fig (a) shows that the GDP of Australia has a falling trend for the five years whereas Fig (b) indicates that the China GDP has a rising trend. Fig (c) reveals that before the year 2013 Australian GDP was always way above the China GDP. The Australian GDP was constantly rising until it reached its climax in 2013. After 2013, the Australian economy began performing poorly; its GDP constantly fell until to the current period. Ye (2013), pointed out that it would take half a century for Australia to achieve the same level of GDP as China. Though the China economy performed poorly as compared to China, its GDP has been rising year after year. In 2014, the China GDP was way above Australia. The comparison for the five years period shows that the greatest difference in GDP performance was experienced in 2015; during this period, China was at its climax level whereas the GDP of Australia was too low. Factors for Increased GDP Growth Rate in Australia and China In 2011, the Australian GDP growth rate was 2.3 %; this was a boost since mineral resources demand became very strong from the outside countries; China has had the highest demand for these resources. The other major importer of Australian resources is Asia (Cavusgil et al., 2014). The results of this was an increased price of commodity resources such as coal, iron ore, and aluminum. Further, the export market for Australian products has been enlarged after the signing of free trade agreements with South-East Asia countries; this stimulated the growth rate (Thinkswap.com, 2016). In contrast, the China economy grew at a fast rate compared to Australia. Initially, the Chinas growth was accelerated from its practice of open door policy where it encouraged foreign investment and created more jobs. The growth of Australia in the past was very attractive; the factors behind this growth are; low unemployment, the inflation rate has been contained, its public debt has been low and its financial system has been secure and stable. Due to the strong banking system, Australia was not much impacted by the 2009 global financial crisis. Its growth was high even after the crisis whereas other economies were struggling to attain some recovery (Glenville, 2014). The Australian natural resources are abundant and diverse thereby attracting more foreign investors. China is a large exporter, and, in 2010, it became the largest. The collectivized agriculture phasing out of was the beginning of its reforms, the gradual liberalization of prices resulted after the expansion. The other reforms that followed included fiscal decentralization, the creation of a banking system that is diversified, increased autonomy for state enterprises, the rapid growth of the private sector, development of stock mark ets, and the opening to foreign investment and trade (Luke.Metcalfe, 2014). China is able to take advantage of the advancement in technology to raise its economic growth s compared to Australia (Ye, 2013). Australia has not been into a recession for the past 25 years. This has been facilitated by its strong financial base, its system of government is effective, its legal system is well-functioning, and its an independent bureaucracy (Heritage.org, 2016). When the two economies are compared in terms of population size, China is larger. The living standards in China are also improved than in Australia (McTaggart, Findlay and Parkin, 2012 and Ifitweremyhome.com, 2016). Conclusion There are many similarities which have impacted the GDP of both Australia and China. The two are major exports with excellent trade agreements. Both are open to foreign investors who raise the investment level thereby creating more employment opportunities. The effectiveness of the government determines the economic growth. A strong financial system is essential for an economy to have efficiency in production as it boosts the confidence of investors. The availability of resources and a ready market for them raises the level of foreign revenue. The recent increment in Australian unemployment is the reason for its falling GDP. References Cavusgil, S., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J., Rammal, H. and Rose, E. (2014). International business. Australia: Pearson. Grenville, S. (2014). The Australian economy: How does it compare? [Online] Lowyinterpreter.org. Available at: https://www.lowyinterpreter.org/post/2014/02/19/The-Australian-economy-How-do-we-compare.aspx [Accessed 24 Sep. 2016]. Heritage.org. (2016). Australia Economy: Population, GDP, Inflation, Business, Trade, FDI, Corruption. [Online] Available at: https://www.heritage.org/index/country/australia [Accessed 24 Sep. 2016]. Ifitweremyhome.com. (2016). Compare Australia To China. [Online] Available at: https://www.ifitweremyhome.com/compare/AU/CN [Accessed 24 Sep. 2016]. Luke.Metcalfe, (2014). Australia vs China: Economy Facts and Stats. [Online] Nationmaster.com. Available at: https://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/compare/Australia/China/Economy [Accessed 24 Sep. 2016]. McTaggart, D., Findlay, C. and Parkin, M. (2012). Macroeconomics. Frenchs Forest, N.S.W.: Pearson Australia. Thinkswap.com. (2016). The Similarities and Differences between Australia and China Economy | Year 11 HSC - Economics | Thinkswap. [Online] Available at: https://thinkswap.com/au/hsc/economics/year-11/similarities-and-differences-between-australia-and-china-economy [Accessed 24 Sep. 2016]. Ye, H. (2013). Chinese GDP and growth: What's in a number? - Economics Student Society of Australia (ESSA). [Online] Economics Student Society of Australia (ESSA). Available at: https://economicstudents.com/2013/04/chinese-gdp-and-growth-whats-in-a-number/ [Accessed 25 Sep. 2016].

Staying Alive. Book 2. The secret name Review Essay Example

Staying Alive. Book 2. The secret name Review Paper Essay on Staying Alive. Book 2. The secret name I know how many of you have probably grown quite fond of seryl Lost, so do not read this book, I just could not, and now I want to share my impressions. First, it is possible in general to say about the book? First UTB is not a retelling of the series, the book presents a new hero ill-fated airliner a young guy Dexter. The book is a essentially a love story istoriyu- Dexter to his girlfriend with a slight paraphrase of series 7 of the first season. And if the life story of Dexter, though (let this honest !!!) banal, but still it was interesting to read, here read those chapters where there is a retelling of the series was terribly skuchno- why? Because there is not disclosed anything new, even the main characters of the series are used as a panorama of the history of Dexter, which in many episodes for example, instead of playing Jack Dekster- such aircraft searched with trupami- the show climbed Jack and Dexter used here for the sake of the plot. We will write a custom essay sample on Staying Alive. Book 2. The secret name Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Staying Alive. Book 2. The secret name Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Staying Alive. Book 2. The secret name Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer What pleased the book has morals, moral, and UTB you will learn at the end of the book. Objectively secret name does not pull 4 points, but Im just a fan of the series, and after a few years after the end of the first season was again pleased to recall episodes of the series. A itat you or not, it all depends on how you are interested serialom- interested, read, and if not, then it is better to spend money on something more interesting. By the way, I bought this book at a discounted price of 5 times cheaper all due to cover defects, so my money spent on the book really match the quality of the work .